Feelings of exile: Analysis of two letters (98, 188) of Photios of Constantinople as sample of rhetorical expressiveness

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17398/1886-9440.18.17

Keywords:

Photius of Constantinople, Letters, Exile, Rhetorical Analysis, Macedonian dynasty

Abstract

The epistolary corpus of Photios of Constantinople (c. 810-893 AD) stands out not only for its size (second only after Theodore Studites in the Byzantine period), but also for the recipients and senders, among whom are Michael III (842-867), Basil I (867-886), Ašot I of Armenia (c. 820-890) and Boris I of Bulgaria (d. 907). Furthermore, a considerable number of these letters were written during the exile he suffered in 867 because of conflicts with the papacy and the Ignatians; this allows us to explore his feelings during this period. The aim of this work is to analyze rhetorically two important letters (98, 188) to examine both the character (êthos) by which Photius presents himself to his recipients, as well as the structure and devices used in them

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Fuentes

Chrysostomus, Adversus oppugnatores vitae monasticae [Chrys. Adv. opp. vit. Mon.]; Ad Stagirium [Ad. Stag.] = Migne, Jacques (ed.) (1863), Joannis Chrysostomi archiepiscopi Constantinopolitani, opera omnia quae extant, tomi primi pars prior (Patrologiae Cursus Completus: Series Graeca 47). París: J.P. Migne.

Chrysostomus, De consubstantiali [Chyrs. De Cons.] = Migne, Jacques (ed.) (1862), Joannis Chrysostomi archiepiscopi Constantinopolitani, opera omnia quae extant, tomi primi pars posterior (Patrologiae Cursus Completus: Series Graeca 48). París: J.P. Migne.

Chrysostomus, In Ioannem [Chyrs. In Ioann.] = Migne, Jacques (ed.) (1862), Joannis Chrysostomi archiepiscopi Constantinopolitani, opera omnia quae extant, tomus octavus (Patrologiae Cursus Completus: Series Graeca 59). París: J.P. Migne.

Georgius Monachus, Chronographia [Georg. Mon.] = Migne, Jacques (ed.) (1863), Georgii Monachi Chronicon breve: lib. 1-6 (Patrologiae Cursus Completus: Series Graeca 110). París: J.P. Migne.

Menologium Basilianum [Men.] = Migne, J. (ed.) (1894), Menologium Basilianum (Patrologiae Cursus Completus Series Graeca 117), París: J.P. Migne.

Nicetas David, Vita Ignatii [V. Ignat. S.] = Smithies, Andrew (ed.) (2013), The Life of Patriarch Ignatius (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae. Series Washingtonensis 51) Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks.

Novum Testamentum [N. T.] = Aland, K. et. al. (eds.) (2012), Novum Testamentum Graece, Stuttgart: Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft.

Photius, Bibliotheca [Phot. Bibl.] = Henry R. (ed.) (1959-1977), Bibliothèque, texte établi et traduit René Henry, Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 8 vols. (I: 1959; II: 1960; III: 1962; IV: 1965; V: 1967; VI: 1971; VII: 1974; VIII: 1977).

Photius, Epistulae [Phot. Ep.] = Laourdas, B. y L. G. Westerink (eds.) (1983-1985), Photii patriarchae Constantinopolitani Epistulae et Amphilochia (Bibliotheca Scriptorum Graecorum et Romanorum Teubneriana), Leipzig: Teubner, 3 vols [1: 1983; 2: 1984; 3: 1985].

Photius, Lexicon [Phot. Lex.] = Theodoridis, Christos (ed.) (1982, 1998, 2013), Photii Patriarchae Lexicon, Berlin: De Gruyter, 3 vols.

Photius, Mystagogia [Phot. Myst.] = Alexopoulos, T. (ed.) (2023). Photios' von Konstantinopel "Mystagogie des Heiligen Geistes": Übersetzung und theologischer Kommentar, Berlin y Boston: De Gruyter.

Plato, Apologia [Pl. Ap.] = Burnet, J. (ed.) (1900), Platonis opera, Oxford: Clarendon Press, vol. 1.

Plato, Critias [Pl. Criti.] = Burnet, J. (ed.) (1902), Platonis opera, Oxford: Clarendon Press, vol. 4.

Polybius, Historiae [Plb.] = Büttner-Wobst, T. (ed.) (1889-1905), Polybii historiae, Leipzig: Teubner, 4 vols. [1:1905; 2:1889; 3:1893; 4:1904].

Pseudo-Symeon [Ps. Sym] = Bekker, Immanuel (ed.) (1838), Theophanes Continuatus, Ioannes Cameniata, Symeon Magister, Georgius Monachus (Corpus Scriptorum Historiae Byzantinae), Bonn: Weber.

Symeon Magister [Sym. Mag.] = Wahlgren, S. (ed.) (2006), Symeonis Magistri et Logothetae Chronicon (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae: -Series Berolinensis 44/1), Berlin y New York: De Gruyter.

Symeon Logothetes [Sym. Log.] = Wahlgren, Stephen (ed.) (2006), Symeonis Magistri et Logothetae Chronicon (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae: Series Berolinensis 44/1), Berlin: De Gruyter.

Synaxarium Constantinopolitanum [Syn. Cpl.] = Delehaye, H. (ed.) (1902), Synaxarium ecclesiae Constantinopolitanae e codice Sirmondiano nunc Berolinensi (Acta Sanctorum 62). Bruselas: Socios Bollandianos.

Theophanes Continuatus [Theoph. Cont.] = Featherstone J. M. y J. Signes-Codoñer (eds.) (2015), Chronographiae quae Theophanis Continuati nomine fertur Libri I-IV. Recensuerunt anglice verterunt indicibus instruxerunt Michael Featherstone et Juan Signes-Codoñer, nuper repertis schedis Caroli de Boor adiuvantibus (Corpus Fontium Historiae Byzantinae– Series Berolinensis 53), Berlin y Boston: De Gruyter.

Vetus Testamentum [V. T.] = Rahlfs, A. (ed.) (1935), Septuaginta. Stuttgart: Württemberg Bible Society, 2 vols.

Estudios

Alexopoulos, T. (2014), “Areopagitic influence and neoplatonic (Plotinian) echoes in Photius’ Amphilochia: question 180”, Byzantinische Zeitschrift 170.1: 1-36.

Anthopoulou, T. (1997), The Homilies of the Emperor Leo VI (The Medieval Mediterranean 14), Leiden y Boston: Brill.

Arcos Pereira, T. (1992), “Los códices Scorialensis g-III-2 y Toletanus 49-16 de Cornelio Nepote”, Cuadernos de Filología Clásica. Estudios Latinos 2: 19-40.

Auzépy, M.-F. (2019), “State of emergency (700–850)”, en The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire c. 500-1492, Revised Edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 251-291.

Barry, J. (2019), Bishops in Flight: Exile and Displacement in Late Antiquity, California: University of California Press.

Brubaker, L. y J. Haldon (2011), Byzantium in the iconoclast era, c. 680-850: a history, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Canfora, L. (2000), “Il rogo dei libri di Fozio”, en G. Menestrina (ed.), Fozio. Tra crisi ecclesiale e magisterio letterario, Brescia: Morcelliana, pp. 17-28.

Chadwick, H. (1955), “The Exile and Death of Flavian of Constantinople: A Prologue to the Council of Calchedon”, The Journal of Theological Studies 6.1: 17-34.

_______ (2003), East and West. The Making of a Rift in the Church, Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Dvornik, F. (1970), The Photian Schism: History and Legend. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Garland, L. (2011), Byzantine Empresses: Women and Power in Byzantium AD 527-1204, Londres: Routledge.

Gregory, T. (2009), A History of Bizantium, Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell.

Grünbart, M. (2005), Formen der Anrede im byzantinischen Brief vom 6. bis zum 12. Jahrhundert (Wiener Byzantinistische Studien 25), Vienna: Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.

_______ (2021), Epistularum Graecarum Initia usque ad annum MD, Hildesheim-Zürich-New York: Olms-Weidmann.

Humphreys, M. (2021), “Contexts, Controversies, and Developing Perspectives”, A Companion to Byzantine Iconoclasm, Leiden y Boston: Brill, pp. 1-108.

Hussey, J. (2010), The Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire (Oxford History of the Christian Church), Nueva York: Oxford University Press.

Ibáñez-Chacón, A. (2021), “Uno schedarion, due rielaborazioni”, Jahrbuch der Oesterreichischen Byzantinistik, 71: 259-268.

Jeffreys, E. (2001), “Introduction”, en Jeffreys E. (ed.), Rhetoric in Byzantium. Papers from the Thirty-fifth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, Exeter College, University of Oxford, March 2001, Aldershot: Ashgate, pp. 1-5.

Kazhdan, A. P. (2006), A history of Byzantine literature: 850-1000, edited by Christine Angelidi, Athens: National Hellenic Research, Institute for Byzantine Research, vol. 2.

Kolbaba, T. M. (2021), “The Patriarchate and the Western Church to 1204”, en C. Gastgeber, E. Mitsiou, J. Preiser-Kapeller, V. Zervan (eds.), A Companion to the Patriarchate of Constantinople, Leiden y Boston: Brill, pp. 42-62.

LBG = Trapp, E., et al. (1994-2017), Lexikon zur byzantinischen Gräzität, besonders des 9.–12. Jahrhunderts (LBG),Wien: Die Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften, 8 vols.

Lemerle, P. (2017), Byzantine Humanism: The first phase, notes and remarks on education and culture in Byzantium from its origins to the 10th century. (transl. by Lindsay Helen and Ann Moffat), Leiden y Boston: Brill.

Leonte, F. (2023), Ethos, Logos, and Perspective. Studies in Late Byzantine Rhetoric, London y New York: Routledge.

Limousin, E. (1999), “Les lettrés en société: «φίλος βίος» ou «πολιτικὸς βίος»?”, Byzantion 59.2: 344-365.

Littlewood, A. R. (1999), “The Byzantine Letter of Consolation in the Macedonian and Komnenian Periods”, Dumbarton Oaks Papers 53:19-41.

LSJ = Liddel H., G. R. Scott y H. S. Jones (eds.) (1996), Greek-English Lexicon, Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Mango, C. (1958), The Homilies of Photius, Patriarch of Constantinople: English Translation, Introduction and Commentary, Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Markopoulos, A. (2004), “New Evidence on the Date of Photios’ Bibliotheca”, en History and Literature of Byzantium in the 9th-10th Centuries, Aldershot: Ashgate, pp. 1-18.

Mazzucchi, C. M. (2021), “Restauro e interpretazione dell'epistola a Tarasio”, Aevum 14.2: 441-464.

Mullet, M. (1999), “Friendship in Byzantium: Genre, topos and network”, en Friendship in Medieval Europe, Stroud: Sutton Publishing, pp. 166-184.

Norwich, J. J. (1998), A Short History of Byzantium, New York: Vintage Books.

Papadopoulou P. y Casas-Olea, M. (2020), “Patriarca Focio”, en Casas-Olea, M. (coord.), Fuentes griegas sobre los eslavos II. Cristianización y formación de los primeros Estados eslavos (2 Fuentes epigráficas, epistolares, hagiográficas), Granada: Centro de Estudios Bizantinos, Neogriegos y Chipriotas, pp. 62-124.

Polidori, V. (2018), La Mistagogia del Santo Spirito, Edizione critica con testo a fronte, edizione critica, Roma: Carocci.

Pontani, F. (2020), “Scholarship in the Byzantine Empire (529–1453)”, en History of Ancient Greek Scholarship: From the Beginnings to the End of the Byzantine Age, Leiden y Boston: Brill, pp. 373-529.

Prieto-Domínguez, O. (2008), “Problemas de cronología relativa en dos corpora del patriarca Focio: Epistulae y Amphilochia”, Medioevo Greco 8: 255-270.

________ (2010), “El partido ignaciano: estructuración en el exilio y superviviencia tras la muerte del patriarca Ignacio I”, El futuro del Pasado 1: 379-393.

________ (2013), “La preceptiva epistolar en Bizancio: las normas vigentes según el patriarca Focio”, Medioevo Greco 13: 177-203.

_______ (2020), Literary Circles in Byzantine Iconoclasm: Patrons, Politics and Saints, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

RAE = Diccionario de la lengua española, Madrid: Real Academia de la Lengua Española, 23ª edición [en línea] https://dle.rae.es/exilio [10/10/2023].

Riedel, M. (2018), Leo VI and the transformation of Byzantine Christian identity: writings of an unexpected emperor, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

_______ (2021), “Photios’s Hermeneutic for Wisdom Literature in Amphilochia 9”, en R. Ceulemans y B. Crostini (eds.), Receptions of the Bible in Byzantium: Texts, Manuscripts, and their Readers (Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, Studia Byzantina Upsaliensia 20), Uppsala: Uppsala University Library, pp. 91-106.

Riehle, A. (2020), “Introduction: Byzantine Epistolography: a Historical and Historiographical Sketch”, en A Companion to Byzantine Epistolography (Brill’s Companions to the Byzantine World 7), Leiden y Boston: Brill, pp. 1-32.

Ronconi, F. (2014), “Pour la datation de la Bibliothèque de Photius. La Myriobiblos, le Patriarche et Rome”, en Juhász E. (ed.), Byzanz und das Abendland II. Studia Byzantino-Occidentalia, Budapest (Antiquitas, Byzantium, renascentia 2), Budapest: Eötvös-József-Collegium, pp. 135-153.

_______ (2015), “Il moveable feast del Patriarca. Note e ipotesi sulla genesi della Bibliotheca di Fozio”, en L. del Corso, F. de Vivo y A. Stramaglia (eds.), Nel segno del testo. Edizioni, materiali e studi per Oronzo Pecere, Firenze: Gonnelli, pp. 203-238.

Salvemini, R. (1997), “Aspetti letterari dell’Epistolario di Fozio”, Annali Della Facoltà di Lettere e Filosofia. Università degli Studi di Bari 40:191-208.

Schamp, J. (2008), “Photios, maître de l’art épistolaire”, en P. Laurence y F. Guillaumont (eds.), Epistulae Antiquae V. Actes du V Colloque international «L'épistolaire antique et ses prolongements européens», Louvain, Paris y Dudley (Mass): Peeters, pp. 309-325.

Schoolman, E. M. (2016), Rediscovering Sainthood in Italy: Hagiography and the Late Antique Past in Medieval Ravenna, New York: Palgrave-Macmillan.

Signes-Codoñer, J. (2017), “Hacia un inventario de las obras de Focio”, Estudios Bizantinos, 5.1:61-90.

Signes-Codoñer, J. y F. J. Andrés-Santos (2007), La introducción al derecho (Eisagoge) del patriarca Focio (Nueva Roma 28), Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.

Stathakopoulos, D. (2014), A Short History of the Byzantine Empire, Londres: Bloomsbury Academic.

Stephanou, P. (1951) “La violation du compromis entre Photius et les Ignatiens”, Orientalia Christiana Periodica 21: 291-307.

Strano, G. (2007), “Il tema dell’esilio negli epistolari bizantini del IX-X sec.: realtà e topos letterario”, Bizantinistica 9: 175-193.

_______ (2010),”Forme e significati dei riferimenti alle eresie nell’epistolario di Fozio”, Rivista di Studi Bizantini 47:177-194.

_______ (2018), “Lo spazio delle passioni nelle epistole bizantine dall’esilio”, en Cipolla P. B, C. Crimi, R. Gentile, L. Giordano y A. Rotondo (eds.), Spazi e tempi delle emozioni: Dai primi secoli all’ età bizantina. Atti del Convegno “Progetto FIR 2014” e delle VI Giornate di Studio della CULCA, Roma: Bonanno, pp. 293-308.

Torgeson, J. W. y M. Humphreys (2021), “Chronicles, Histories and Letters”, en A Companion to Byzantine Iconoclasm, Leiden-Boston: Brill, pp. 191-229.

Tougher, S. (2019), “After Iconoclasm (850-886),” en The Cambridge History of the Byzantine Empire c. 500-1492, Revised Edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 292-304.

Treadgold, W. (2001), A Concise History of Byzantium, Basingstoke: Palgrave.

_______ (2002), “Photius Before His Patriarchate”, Journal of Ecclesiastical History 53.1: 1-7.

Trono, B. (2020), “Per la storia del testo della Biblioteca di Fozio: Pinax e note redazionali”, Segno e Testo, 18:123-186.

Valiavitcharska, V. (2013), Rhetoric and Rhythm in Byzantium: The Sound of Persuasion, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Varona Codeso, P. (2009), Miguel III (842-867). Construcción histórica y literaria de un reinado (Nueva Roma 33), Madrid: Editorial CSIC.

Varona Codeso, P. y O. Prieto Domínguez (2013), “Deconstructing Photios: family relationship and political kinship in middle Byzantium”, Revue des études byzantines 71: 105-148.

Vinson, M. (2001), “Rhetoric and writing strategies in the ninth century,” en Jeffreys E. (ed.), Rhetoric in Byzantium. Papers from the Thirty-fifth Spring Symposium of Byzantine Studies, Exeter College, University of Oxford, March 2001, Aldershot: Ashgate, pp. 1-5.

White, D. S. (1973), “Photios' Letter to His Brother Tarasios on the Death of His Daughter”, The Greek orthodox theological review, 18: 47-58.

_______ (1981), Patriarch Photios of Constantinople: His Life, Scholarly Contributions, and Correspondence together with a Translation of Fifty-two of His Letters, Massachusetts: Holy Cross Orthodox Press.

White, D. S., y J. R. Berrigan (1982), The Patriarch and the Prince: the letter of Patriarch Photios of Constantinople to Khan Boris of Bulgaria, Massachusetts: Brookline.

Wilson, N. G. (2000), “Fozio e le due culture. Spunti dall'epistolario”, en G. Menestrina (ed.), Fozio tra crisi ecclesiale e magistero letterario, Brescia: Morcelliana, pp. 29-44.

Published

2023-12-18 — Updated on 2024-02-04

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Feelings of exile: Analysis of two letters (98, 188) of Photios of Constantinople as sample of rhetorical expressiveness. (2024). Talia Dixit. Interdisciplinary Journal of Rhetoric and Historiography, 18, 17-53. https://doi.org/10.17398/1886-9440.18.17

Most read articles by the same author(s)

<< < 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 > >>